PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of Britain				Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of France	Devonian Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan			Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian			Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian			Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian			Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian			Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean			Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian			Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian			Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian			Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
					Hemingfordian								16.3
					Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan										27.82
					Whitneyan								29.5
					Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian			Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian			Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian			Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian	Bridgerian								47.8
					Wasatchian								50.5
					Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan		Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian	Gashatan		Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian			Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian			Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian			Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian			Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian					Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	Late Givetian	Srbsko	382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
				Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian		Couvinien			Late Eifelian	Chotec	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian				390.3 *	Chotec
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Pragian	Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *		Pragian
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian	Lochkovian		410.8
				Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian						Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian						Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
													485 *