PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127343 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Australia	Carboniferous of North America	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran						0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Chibanian										0.129
				Chibanian				Castlecliffian						0.34
				Calabrian				Castlecliffian						0.774
				Calabrian				Nukumaruan						1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan						1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian						2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian						2.58
				Piacenzian				Waipipian						3
				Zanclean				Waipipian						3.6
				Zanclean				Opoitian						3.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan						7.2
				Tortonian				Tongaporutuan						7.246
				Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan						11.04
				Serravallian				Waiauan						11.63
				Serravallian				Lillburnian						13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian						13.82
								Clifdenian						15.1
							Pareora	Altonian						15.9
				Burdigalian				Altonian						15.98
				Burdigalian				Otaian						18.7
				Aquitanian				Otaian						20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian						21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Waitakian						23.03
								Duntroonian						25.2
								Whaingaroan						27.3
				Rupelian	Kekeamuan									27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
							Arnold	Runangan						34.6
								Kaiatan						36.7
				Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Kaiatan						37.71
				Bartonian				Bortonian						39.1
				Lutetian				Bortonian						41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
								Heretaungan						45.7
				Ypresian		Bumbanian		Heretaungan						47.8
								Mangaorapan						48.9
								Waipawan						52
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan			Teurian						56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian						66
				Campanian				Haumurian						72.1
				Santonian				Piripauan						83.6
				Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan						86.1
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
								Mangaotanean						90.5
								Arowhanan						93.7
				Cenomanian				Arowhanan						93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian						95.2
								Motuan						99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan						100.5
								Urutawan						103.3
							Taitai	Korangan						108.4
				Aptian				Korangan						113
				Aptian										117.5
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein		Melekhovian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Ohre/Aller			259.51
			Wordian				Leine			264.28
			Wordian				Leine		Noginskian	264.9 *
			Roadian							266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
			Kungurian						Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
			Artinskian						Pavlovoposadian	283.5
			Artinskian						Rusavkinian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian							Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian						Missourian	Dorogomilovian	303.7
										Khamovnikian	304.8
										Krevyakinian	305.8 *
									Desmoinesian	Krevyakinian	305.9 *
			Moscovian							Myachkovian	307
										Podolskian	308.9 *
										Kashirian	311.4 *
									Atokan	Kashirian	312.7 *
										Vereian	313.8
										Melekessian	314.8
			Bashkirian			315.2				Melekessian
					Cheremshanian	316.9 *
					Cheremshanian	Morrowan			318.4 *
					Prikamian				318.6 *
					Severokeltmian				319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
					Voznesenian				321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	Zapaltjubian			323.2
						Protvian			324.4 *
						Steshevian			326.8 *
						Tarusian			329 *
			Visean			Venevian			330.9
						Mikhailovian			331.9 *
						Aleksinian			333.7 *
					Meramecian	Tulian			335.8 *
					Meramecian	Bobrikian			339.9 *
					Osagean	Bobrikian			343.1 *
						Radaevkian			343.4 *
			Tournaisian			Kosvian		346.7
						Kizelian		350.7 *
					Kinderhookian	Cherepetian		351.9 *
						Karakubian		354.4 *
						Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian		393.3
			Pragian			Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †				483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Datsonian				Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10	Payntonian								486.8 *
		Jiangshanian	Iverian								489.5
							Aksaian				490.7 *
							Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian	Idamean								494
		Paibian	Idamean							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan				Ayusokkanian				497
			Boomerangian				Ayusokkanian				499
			Boomerangian				Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian	Undillan								500.5
		Drumian	Floran								503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian				Amgan/Solvan				504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian								507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4									509
							Toyonian		Lenian †		510 *
							Toyonian				510.8 *
							Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3					Botomian				514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian				521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400