PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan								Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian								Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian								Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian								Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian								Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Tertiary †	2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean								Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian								Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian								Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian								Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
												Hemingfordian				16.3
												Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian										23.03
				Rupelian	Kekeamuan											27.82
												Whitneyan				29.5
												Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Chadronian				33.9
				Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							Duchesnean				37
				Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							Duchesnean				37.71
				Bartonian								Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian								Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian								Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian		Bumbanian						Bridgerian				47.8
												Wasatchian				50.5
												Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan							Clarkforkian				56
				Thanetian	Gashatan							Tiffanian				56.2
				Selandian								Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian								Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian								Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian								Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Zechstein			Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes				259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian	Autunian				283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
			Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian			324 *
						Pendleian			327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian			346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian			353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Lochkovian					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan						Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Sunwaptan	487.5
							Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
										Steptoean	493 *
							Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian					Maentwrogian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian				Albertian †		St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan									Stage 5 †	504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran	506.5								Stage 5 †
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †			Caerfai					509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †					Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †					Wonokan †		571.7 *
																635