PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of Britain			European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian							Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean							Ruscinian	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian							Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian							Turolian	7.246
				Tortonian							Vallesian	8.7
				Serravallian							Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian							Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian							Orleanian	15.98
				Burdigalian							Agenian	20
				Aquitanian							Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian						27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
				Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
				Lutetian								41.2
				Ypresian		Bumbanian						47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan							56
				Selandian								59.2
				Danian								61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
				Norian								208.5
				Carnian								227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
				Wordian								264.28
				Roadian								266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
				Artinskian								283.5
				Sakmarian								290.1
				Asselian								293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
				Kasimovian								303.7
				Moscovian								307
				Bashkirian								315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
Visean				330.9
Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian		Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian				453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
			Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
			Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
			Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian			470
					Whitlandian			471.1 *
					Moridunian			474.3 *
			Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
								485 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian	497
			Drumian						500.5
			Wuliuan						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian	509
		Series 2	Stage 3						514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian								635
		Tonian								720
		Tonian							Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau	1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan	1375
												1400