PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of Britain			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Lujanian		Sheridanian				0.0117
		Chibanian											Sheridanian				0.129
													Cudahyan/Sappan				0.21
											Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
													Senecan/Rexroadian				1.4
											Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian									Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian									Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean									Chapadmalalan						3.6
											Montehermosan						3.7 *
											Montehermosan		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				4.7
											Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian														Pannonian	7.246
											Chasicoan						7.9 *
											Chasicoan		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				9.4
											Mayoan						9.9 *
											Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian														Sarmatian	11.63
													late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian	12.5
																Badenian	12.8 *
											Colloncuran					Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian									Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian									Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Friasian						15.98
											Santacrucian						16.2 *
											Santacrucian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				16.3
											Colhuehuapian		Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				17.4 *
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian									Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian													23.03
														Monroecreekian			23.1 *
														Geringian			24.7 *
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan														27.82
											Tinguirirican						28.9 *
																	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				33.9
											Divisaderan		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				35.9 *
																	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan														37.71
		Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
											Mustersan						41.9 *
													Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian													47.8
											Casamayoran						47.9 *
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan								Riochican				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		56
											Riochican				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		56.2
											Itaboraian						56.9 *
											Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Selandian													To3/To2/To1		60.9
		Danian															61.6
											Tiupampan						62.4 *
											Tiupampan				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			100.5
		Aptian			113
		Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian		Rawtheyan		445.2
				Cautleyan		448.9 *
				Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
				Pusgillian		449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
				Cheneyan			451.5 *
				Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
				Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †		455.2 *
				Aurelucian		Longvillian †		456.8 *
				Aurelucian		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian		467.3
			Arenig	Fennian		Yapeenian		468.4 *
						Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Chewtonian		470
				Whitlandian		Chewtonian		471.1 *
						Bendigonian		471.8 *
						Lancefieldian		473.5 *
				Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
				Cressagian				480.8 *
				Cressagian		Warendian		482.8 *
						Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids			497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai			509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
																	538.8