PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of North America
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan									56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
		Induan										251.2
		Induan					Kathwai					251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai					251.902
												252.4 *
							Chhidru					252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru					254.14
							Kalabagh					255 *
							Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian								Wordian		264.28
												265.3 *
							Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb			Roadian		266.9
		Roadian								Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian									Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian							Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian							Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean							Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian			393.3
		Pragian		Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids				497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai				509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
												538.8