PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Siberia			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of the Baltic		Ordovician of Britain				Permian of Western Europe	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian						MN 17										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						MN 16										2.58
		Piacenzian						MN 15										3.2
		Zanclean						MN 15										3.6
								MN 14										4.2
								MN 13										4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						MN 13										5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12										7.246
								MN 11										7.75
								MN 10										8.7
								MN 9										9.7
								MN 7 + 8										11.1
		Serravallian						MN 7 + 8										11.63
		Serravallian						MN 6										12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5										13.82
		Burdigalian						MN 4										15.98
								MN 3										16.9
								MN 2										20
		Aquitanian						MN 2										20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1										22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian															33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan															37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan															56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian		100.5
																Middle Albian		106.2 *
																Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian														Late Aptian		113
		Aptian														Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian		139.8
																Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian														Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian														Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian														Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														Late Toarcian		174.7
																Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian														Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian														Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian			Sevatian	208.5
					Alaunian	213.2 *
					Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian	227
		Carnian			Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
					Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	Zechstein		254.14
						Kalabagh		255 *
						Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
						Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian		266.9		Amb
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju		Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
								Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
						Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
								Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
								Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
								Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						Keila				Idavere †	453
								Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
								Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
											Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †			455.2 *
								Kukruse						456.4 *
										Aurelucian				456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
								Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
								Lasnamagi						458.9 *
								Aseri						460.4 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Aseri		461.3 *
						Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
					Arenig				Fennian					468.4 *
								Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
										Latorp †				470.1 *
									Whitlandian					471.1 *
								Hunneberg	Whitlandian					473.7 *
			Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian				477.7
					Cressagian				480.8 *
								Varangu	481.3 *
								Pakerort	482.2 *
				Mansian †					483.55 *
				Mansian †					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian					485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
				Aksaian											490.7 *
				Sakian											492.2 *
		Paibian													494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian											497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian											499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian											500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan											509
				Toyonian					Lenian †						510 *
				Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian											514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian											515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian											521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian											525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †						529
																		538.8