PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of China		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages		Cambrian of Siberia
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian															11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian														33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan														37.71
		Lutetian															41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan														56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian							100.5
										Middle Albian							106.2 *
										Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian							113
		Aptian								Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian							139.8
										Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
										Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian							174.7
										Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
										Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian								Sevatian							208.5
										Alaunian							213.2 *
										Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian							227
		Carnian								Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian							237
		Ladinian								Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian							242
										Pelsonian							243.8 *
										Bithynian							244.7 *
										Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian							247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
				Stephanian				Stephanian C		300.3 *
			Stephanian B					300.9 *
			Stephanian A					301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Stephanian A				303.7
			Cantabrian				305 *
								305.9
		Moscovian						307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D				307.4 *
				Westphalian C				309.8
				Westphalian B				314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B				315.2
				Westphalian A				317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian				318.8 *
				Marsdenian				320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
				Alportian				322 *
				Chokierian				323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian				323.2
				Arnsbergian				324 *
				Pendleian				327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †				330.9
			Livian	Asbian †				336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian				340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		445.2
									Cautleyan		448.9 *
									Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
									Pusgillian		449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan			451.5 *
									Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
									Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian				456.8 *		Longvillian †
					Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Darriwilian	461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Yapeenian	467.3
					Arenig	Fennian			Yapeenian	468.4 *
									Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian	470
						Whitlandian			Chewtonian	471.1 *
									Bendigonian	471.8 *
									Lancefieldian	473.5 *
						Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
						Cressagian				480.8 *
									Warendian	482.8 *
										Mansian †		483.55 *
							485 *			Mansian †
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian				489.5
										Aksaian				490.7 *
										Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian					Paibian							494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
									Waergangian †/Youshuanian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Series 3 †		Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian					Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian					Drumian					Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian					Stage 5 †			Amgan/Solvan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian								Amgan/Solvan	509
													Toyonian		Lenian †	510 *
													Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3					Nangaoian						Botomian			514
		Stage 3					Nangaoian						Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian						Tommotian			521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian											Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian				530.7						Manykaian †
																	538.8