PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of China		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of Western Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian		3
		Zanclean										Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian										Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian									Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian										Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian		13.82
												Clifdenian		15.1
											Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian										Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								Waitakian		23.03
												Duntroonian		25.2
												Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian											33.9
											Arnold	Runangan		34.6
												Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian		41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
												Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian		Bumbanian								Heretaungan		47.8
												Mangaorapan		48.9
												Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan									Teurian		56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian	Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian										Haumurian	Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
												Mangaotanean		90.5
												Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian										Arowhanan		93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
												Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Motuan		100.5
												Urutawan		103.3
											Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian										Korangan		113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian	Paibian						494
		Paibian	Paibian					Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian					Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian	Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian		Branchian				509
		Stage 3	Nangaoian		Branchian				514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian		Placentian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian						530.7
														538.8