PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene		Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Middle Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Early Pleistocene		Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean													Early Pliocene		Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian														Pannonian		7.246
		Tortonian														Pannonian	Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian													Middle Miocene	Sarmatian	Clarendonian	11.63
																Sarmatian	Barstovian	12.5
																Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian													Early Miocene			15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian											Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan												Early Oligocene			27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												Late Eocene		Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												Late Eocene		Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												Middle Eocene		Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian											Early Eocene		Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan												Late Paleocene		Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Gashatan												Late Paleocene		Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene		Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Middle Paleocene		Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Early Paleocene		Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Early Paleocene		Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian		Rawtheyan				Gamachian		445.2
				Rawtheyan				Richmondian		446 *
				Cautleyan						448.9 *
				Cautleyan					Eastonian	449 *
				Pusgillian						449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian						Onnian †	449.6 *
								Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian				450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
				Cheneyan								451.5 *
				Cheneyan					Gisbornian			452 *
				Burrellian								452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
										Actonian †		453.2 *
								Turinian		Actonian †		453.7 *
										Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †			455.2 *
				Aurelucian									456.8 *
							Whiterockian				Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						Darriwilian				458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						Darriwilian				461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						Yapeenian				467.3
			Arenig	Fennian						Yapeenian				468.4 *
										Castlemainian				468.5 *
								Rangerian		Castlemainian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
				Whitlandian										Chewtonian	471.1 *
														Bendigonian	471.8 *
														Lancefieldian	473.5 *
								Tulean							473.9 *
				Moridunian											474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian											477.7
				Migneintian				Stairsian							480.3 *
				Cressagian				Stairsian							480.8 *
								Skullrockian					Demingian †		482 *
														Warendian	482.8 *
					485 *									Warendian
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
																		487.5