PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Silurian of England		European Faunal Zones	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Australia	Silurian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian			0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian					MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					MN 16	Yushean			2.58
		Piacenzian					MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean					MN 15				3.6
							MN 14				4.2
							MN 13	Baodean			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					MN 13				5.333
		Tortonian					MN 12				7.246
							MN 11				7.75
							MN 10				8.7
							MN 9				9.7
							MN 7 + 8	Tunggurian			11.1
		Serravallian					MN 7 + 8				11.63
		Serravallian					MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian					MN 5	Shanwangian			13.82
		Burdigalian					MN 4	Shanwangian			15.98
							MN 3	Xiejiaan			16.9
							MN 2				20
		Aquitanian					MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian					MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan								56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			Cayugan	419.2
						Bringewood/Elton			Cayugan	421.3
						Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas		Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope		Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
						Alexandrian		438.7 *
					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Medinan				Clinton	440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian				443.8
		Katian			Bolindian				445.2
					Eastonian				449 *
					Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian			Gisbornian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian				458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian				467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian				468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian				470
					Bendigonian				471.8 *
					Lancefieldian				473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Lancefieldian				477.7
		Tremadocian			Warendian				482.8 *
											485.4