PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Devonian of Eastern North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Tertiary †							2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian										Cenozoic 5	Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								Cenozoic 4		23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan											27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									Cenozoic 3	Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian										Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian										Cenozoic 2	Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian									Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan									Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Gashatan										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Cretaceous 8		66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		Cretaceous 7		72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		Cretaceous 6		83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		Cretaceous 5		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian		Cretaceous 4		100.5
										Middle Albian				106.2 *
										Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian		Cretaceous 3		113
		Aptian								Early Aptian		Cretaceous 3		119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian		Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian				139.8
										Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
										Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	Jurassic 6		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5		149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian				168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian				174.7
					Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
					Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian			Sevatian				208.5
					Alaunian				213.2 *
					Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian			Triassic 3	227
		Carnian			Julian			Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian			Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian				242
					Pelsonian				243.8 *
					Bithynian				244.7 *
					Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian			Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian				251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian						Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7	Carboniferous 5
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf			Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian			Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian			Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian			Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian						Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian						Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †		Cambrian 4		497
		Drumian						Cambrian 4		500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							Cambrian 1	529
														538.8