PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Devonian of France	Cambrian Epochs	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian							Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian											0.774
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Serravallian											11.63
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian										33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan										37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan										56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Gallic	Late Albian		100.5
											Middle Albian		106.2 *
											Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian									Late Aptian		113
		Aptian									Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian									Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian								Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian		139.8
											Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
											Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian									Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian									Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian									Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian										Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian									Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian									Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									Late Toarcian		174.7
											Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
											Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian									Sevatian		208.5
											Alaunian		213.2 *
											Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian									Tuvalian		227
		Carnian									Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									Longobardian		237
		Ladinian									Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian									Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
		Asselian					Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
				Stephanian			Stephanian C		300.3 *
			Stephanian B				300.9 *
			Stephanian A				301.4 *
		Kasimovian	Stephanian A				303.7
			Cantabrian				305 *
								305.9
		Moscovian						307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D				307.4 *
				Westphalian C				309.8
				Westphalian B				314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B				315.2
				Westphalian A				317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian				318.8 *
				Marsdenian				320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian				321.5 *
				Alportian				322 *
				Chokierian				323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian				323.2
				Arnsbergian				324 *
				Pendleian				327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †				330.9
			Livian	Asbian †				336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian				340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien						408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
		Katian								445.2
		Sandbian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian				485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
													538.8