PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America	Devonian Subages	Permian of North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian									33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan									56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras			168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.4
		Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			174.7
									Planulata			179.3 *
									Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
									Kanense			181.3 *
									Carlottense			182.3 *
									Kunae			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Kunae			184.2
									Freboldi			185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
									Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis		190.3 *
		Sinemurian										192.9
									Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
									Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian							Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian				273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian				283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian				290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †			Nealian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian							298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian							303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		330.9	Chesterian
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian	358.9
				Middle Famennian	365.3 *
				Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian	372.2
				Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
				Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian	382.7
				Middle Givetian	383.7 *
				Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan			487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan			489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian	Albertian †			497
		Drumian			Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4			Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran				514
					Montezuman				514.8 *
					Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
												538.8