PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of China	Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian												Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Tertiary †					2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan												56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian							100.5
								Middle Albian							106.2 *
								Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian							113
		Aptian						Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian							139.8
								Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
								Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian							174.7
								Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
								Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian						Sevatian							208.5
								Alaunian							213.2 *
								Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian							227
		Carnian						Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian							237
		Ladinian						Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian							242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian				Wordian		264.28
		Roadian				Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian		Cathedralian			273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian			281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian			283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian			286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian			290.1
		Asselian						Nealian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian					300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian					303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun					305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
			Huashibanian					318.5 *
			Lousuan					321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian					323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian					330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian					330.9
		Visean	Jiusian					335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian							467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Series 3 †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †				Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan					Stage 5 †				Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
															538.8