PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Permian of the Russian Platform		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Saintaugustinean													0
		Meghalayan							Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian																				0.0042
		Greenlandian																				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																				0.0117
		Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean													0.014
		Chibanian							Rancholabrean													0.129
		Chibanian							Irvingtonian													0.21
		Calabrian							Irvingtonian													0.774
		Calabrian							Blancan													1.4
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			Tertiary †	2.58
		Zanclean																				3.6
		Zanclean							Hemphillian													4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Tortonian							Clarendonian													9.4
		Serravallian							Clarendonian													11.63
		Serravallian							Barstovian													12.5
		Langhian																				13.82
		Burdigalian																				15.98
									Hemingfordian													16.3
									Arikareean													18.5
		Aquitanian																				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian																		23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan																			27.82
									Whitneyan													29.5
									Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Chadronian													33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Duchesnean													37.71
		Bartonian							Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian							Uintan													41.2
		Lutetian							Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian					Bridgerian													47.8
									Wasatchian													50.5
									Clarkforkian													54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan						Clarkforkian													56
		Thanetian	Gashatan						Tiffanian													56.2
		Selandian							Tiffanian													59.2
		Selandian							Torrejonian													60.9
		Danian							Torrejonian													61.6
		Danian							Puercan													63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Oteke	Puaroan					145
		Kimmeridgian														Oteke	Puaroan					149.2
																Kawhia	Ohauan					150
																	Heterian					154.5
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Callovian															Temaikan					164.3
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian																				168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
		Norian				Warepan	208.5
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian				Oretian	227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian				Etalian	238
		Anisian				Etalian	242
		Anisian				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
						Puruhauan		254.2
						Puruhauan		Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian				259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian		Flettian				264.28
		Wordian			Urzhumian		Barettian				266
		Roadian			Kazanian			Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian			Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
							Mangapirian	Irenian/Ufimian			276
								Filipovian			276.5 *
								Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian			Sarginian			283.5
							Telfordian	Sarginian			285
				Irginian				285.9 *
				Burtsevian				287.8 *
				Burtsevian			288.5
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian		293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
					Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian					Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian					Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian				Kosovian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Richmondian				Kralodvorian		446 *
										Richmondian				Berounian		449.7 *
										Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian							450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian							451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian							453
										Turinian							453.7 *
										Turinian							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Whiterockian							Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
															Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian																		458.4
			Dobrotivian			458.5 *
			Oretanian			459.7 *
						Sarka †									461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †									467.3
			Arenigian												468
										Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean	473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian	Tulean		477.7
				Stairsian		480.3 *
				Skullrockian		Demingian †				482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian												485.4
		Stage 10														487.5
		Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian														494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian														Series 3 †		497
		Drumian																500.5
		Wuliuan																Stage 5 †	504.5
																						509