PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian				MN 17		Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean		2.58
		Piacenzian				MN 15		Late Pliocene			3.2
		Zanclean				MN 15		Early Pliocene			3.6
						MN 14					4.2
						MN 13			Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				MN 13		Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian				MN 12					7.246
						MN 11					7.75
						MN 10					8.7
						MN 9					9.7
						MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian				MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene			11.63
		Serravallian				MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian				MN 5			Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian				MN 4		Early Miocene	Shanwangian		15.98
						MN 3			Xiejiaan		16.9
						MN 2					20
		Aquitanian				MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian				MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian				Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan					Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Meishanian		Buntsandstein				251.902
		Changhsingian			Baoqingian						253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian			Laoshanian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Laibinian					257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Lengwuan		Ohre/Aller			259.51
		Wordian			Kuhfengian		Leine			264.28
		Roadian			Kuhfengian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Luodianian					273.01
		Artinskian			Luodianian					283.5
		Artinskian			Longlinian					285.4 *
		Sakmarian			Longlinian					290.1
		Asselian			Zisongian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Zisongian					298.9
		Gzhelian								300.1
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †		497
		Drumian	Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran			514
			Montezuman			514.8 *
			Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
											538.8