PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean							Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian							Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian							Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian							Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian							Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian							Agenian	20
		Aquitanian							Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian						23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian						27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian							33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan							37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian						47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan							56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			Midian		259.51
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Midian		264.28
		Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian						Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian						Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian						Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian						Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10		Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian		Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian		Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids			Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai			Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
										538.8