PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mesozoic Subages		Ordovician of North America				Ordovician of Britain				Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of North America			Permian of the Salt Range
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian																	33.9
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan																	37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan																	56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian															72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian															100.5
					Middle Albian															106.2 *
					Early Albian															109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian															113
		Aptian			Early Aptian															119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian															139.8
					Middle Berriasian															140.6 *
					Early Berriasian															142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian														146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian															152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian														157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian															168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian															168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian															174.7
					Middle Toarcian															180.4 *
					Early Toarcian															182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian			Sevatian															208.5
					Alaunian															213.2 *
					Lacian															216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian															227
		Carnian			Julian															233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian															237
		Ladinian			Fassanian															239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian															242
					Pelsonian															243.8 *
					Bithynian															244.7 *
					Aegean															245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian															247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian															248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian															251.2
					Griesbachian															251.4 *
					Griesbachian														Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	Kathwai	251.902
																				252.4 *
																			Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian													Zechstein				Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
							Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian		266.9			Amb
		Roadian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian			283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian		Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
								Richmondian		Rawtheyan			446 *
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
								Maysvillian					Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Maysvillian					Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
								Edenian					Nabala			450.4 *
								Edenian			Viru		Rakvere			450.6 *
						Mohawkian		Chatfieldian								451.1 *
										Cheneyan						451.5 *
										Cheneyan			Oandu			452 *
										Burrellian			Oandu			452.7 *
		Sandbian											Keila		Idavere †	453
												Actonian †				453.2 *
								Turinian								453.7 *
													Haljala			453.9
												Marshbrookian †				Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †					455.2 *
													Kukruse				456.4 *
										Aurelucian							456.8 *
					Whiterockian			Canadian †						Chazyan †/Marmor			457 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Uhaku				458.4
													Lasnamagi				458.9 *
													Aseri				460.4 *
										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Aseri				461.3 *
											Oeland		Kunda				462.9 *
													Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
													Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian																467.3
			Arenig						Fennian	468.4 *
						Rangerian				469.1 *
						Rangerian				Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †				470
															Latorp †			470.1 *
				Whitlandian					471.1 *
									Hunneberg	473.7 *
						Tulean				473.9 *
				Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian						477.7
				Migneintian		Stairsian				480.3 *
				Cressagian						480.8 *
									Varangu	481.3 *
						Skullrockian			Varangu	Demingian †				482 *
									Pakerort					482.2 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
																				487.5