PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Central Paratethys Stages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permian of the Russian Platform		Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Nihewanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian													Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian													Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian													Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Yushean						Tertiary †		2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
															Hemphillian	4.7
								Baodean								4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian									7.246
															Clarendonian	9.4
								Tunggurian								11.1
		Serravallian					Sarmatian									11.63
							Sarmatian								Barstovian	12.5
							Badenian									12.8 *
		Langhian						Shanwangian								13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
								Xiejiaan							Hemingfordian	16.9
															Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian												23.03
		Rupelian	Kekeamuan													27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian													Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian													Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian		Bumbanian											Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Gashatan												Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian	Gashatan												Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian													Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian			100.5
													Middle Albian			106.2 *
													Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian			113
		Aptian											Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian			139.8
													Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
													Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian	168.2
									Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
									Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
										Late Toarcian	180.1
										Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					Middle Toarcian	182
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum					Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian								Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian			213.2 *
							Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian			227
		Carnian					Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian			237
		Ladinian					Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †		254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Longtanian †		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian						Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian				Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian				Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian				273.01
				Filipovian				276.5 *
				Saraninian				280.1 *
		Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian				283.5
				Irginian				285.9 *
				Burtsevian				287.8 *
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian				290.1
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian				291.7 *
		Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian				293.52
				Uskalykian				294.8
				Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian								407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			419.2
	Pridoli					Bringewood/Elton		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian				Wych		Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian				Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian				Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							443.8
		Katian							445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †				497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	504.5
																509