PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Siberia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian													0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean	Tertiary †												2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean													3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean													4.9
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian													11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian													11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian													13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian													15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan													16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			Lancian/Edmontonian						66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian									100.5
							Middle Albian									106.2 *
							Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian									113
		Aptian					Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian									139.8
							Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
							Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian					Late Bajocian									168.2
		Bajocian					Early Bajocian									168.6 *
		Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian									174.7
							Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
							Early Toarcian									182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian					Sevatian									208.5
							Alaunian									213.2 *
							Lacian									216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian									227
		Carnian					Julian									233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel				297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel				Mapingian †		298.9
			Stephanian						Stephanian C		300.3 *
									Stephanian B		300.9 *
									Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian		303.7					Stephanian A
				Cantabrian					305 *
									305.9
		Moscovian							307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D					307.4 *
				Westphalian C					309.8
				Westphalian B					314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B					315.2
				Westphalian A					317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian					318.8 *
				Marsdenian					320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian					321.5 *
				Alportian					322 *
				Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian					323.2
				Arnsbergian					324 *
				Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †					330.9
			Livian	Asbian †					336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian					340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian						346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian						353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan		445.2
									Cautleyan		448.9 *
									Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
									Pusgillian		449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan			451.5 *
									Cheneyan	Gisbornian		452 *
									Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
					Aurelucian				456.8 *		Longvillian †
					Aurelucian				Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Darriwilian	461.3 *
		Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Yapeenian	467.3
					Arenig	Fennian			Yapeenian	468.4 *
									Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian	470
						Whitlandian			Chewtonian	471.1 *
									Bendigonian	471.8 *
									Lancefieldian	473.5 *
						Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
						Cressagian				480.8 *
									Warendian	482.8 *
										Mansian †		483.55 *
							485 *			Mansian †
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian			485.4
		Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian						489.5
							Aksaian						490.7 *
							Sakian						492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †		Ayusokkanian					497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian					499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian					500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †					Amgan/Solvan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Amgan/Solvan	509
										Toyonian				Lenian †	510 *
										Botomian					512.5 *
		Stage 3								Botomian					514
		Stage 3								Atdabanian					515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Tommotian					521
		Stage 2								Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
		Fortunian		Manykaian †						Nemakit-Daldynian				529
																538.8