PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	South American Land Mammal Ages		Silurian of North America			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	Lujanian																0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian																0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan																0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan																0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †															1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean	Vorohuean																2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan																2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan																3.6
				Montehermosan																3.7 *
			Baodean	Huayquerian																4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
				Chasicoan																7.9 *
				Mayoan																9.9 *
				Laventan																10.9 *
			Tunggurian																	11.1
		Serravallian																		11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran																13.7 *
		Langhian	Shanwangian	Colloncuran																13.82
		Langhian		Friasian																15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian																15.98
				Santacrucian																16.2 *
			Xiejiaan	Santacrucian																16.9
				Colhuehuapian																17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian																20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan																20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
		Rupelian																		27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican																28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Tinguirirican																33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan																35.9 *
		Bartonian																		37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan																41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan																47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran																47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican																56
				Itaboraian																56.9 *
				Peligran																58.9 *
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan																62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Lancian/Edmontonian									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian							Judithian/Aquilan									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																Late Albian		100.5
																		Middle Albian		106.2 *
																		Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian																Late Aptian		113
		Aptian																Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian																Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian																Late Berriasian		139.8
																		Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian																Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian	174.7
					Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
					Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian			Sevatian	208.5
					Alaunian	213.2 *
					Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian	227
		Carnian			Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian		251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
						Stephanian B		300.9 *
						Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian		303.7		Stephanian A
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian		307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
									Kaugetuma	421.7 *
						Niagaran			Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
							Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
										Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
										Adavere	434 *
											436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
						Medinan			Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru							441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian									Pirgu		445.2
											Vormsi		449.6 *
											Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
											Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian									Keila		Idavere †	453
											Haljala			453.9
											Kukruse			456.4 *
											Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku			458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
											Aseri			460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
											Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian									Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
													Latorp †		470.1 *
											Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian									Hunneberg				477.7
											Varangu				481.3 *
											Pakerort				482.2 *
															Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
													Aksaian				490.7 *
													Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian			494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian											494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian											497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian											499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian											500.5
		Wuliuan		Amgan/Solvan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan											509
				Toyonian	Lenian †										510 *
				Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian											514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian											515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian											521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian											525.5
		Fortunian		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †										529
																				538.8