PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Neogene Mammal Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Permian Subages of Germany	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean										0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean										0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian											0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean										0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean										0.129
				Chibanian		Irvingtonian										0.21
				Calabrian		Irvingtonian										0.774
				Calabrian		Blancan										1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean									Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
						Hemphillian										4.7
					Baodean											4.9
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
						Clarendonian										9.4
					Tunggurian											11.1
				Serravallian												11.63
				Serravallian		Barstovian										12.5
				Langhian	Shanwangian											13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
						Hemingfordian										16.3
					Xiejiaan	Hemingfordian										16.9
						Arikareean										18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
						Whitneyan										29.5
						Orellan										31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian										33.9
				Priabonian		Duchesnean										37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean										37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian		Uintan										41.2
				Lutetian		Bridgerian										46.2
				Ypresian		Bridgerian										47.8
						Wasatchian										50.5
						Clarkforkian										54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian										56
				Thanetian		Tiffanian										56.2
				Selandian		Tiffanian										59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian										60.9
				Danian		Torrejonian										61.6
				Danian		Puercan										63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan						145
				Kimmeridgian					Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan						150
										Heterian						154.5
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
Temaikan				Callovian			164.3
				Bathonian			165.3
				Bajocian			168.2
				Aalenian			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
Herangi				Toarcian			Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian			Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian			Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian				192.9
				Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour			Otapirian	201.4
			Norian				Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
			Carnian				Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore			Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian				Etalian	238
			Anisian				Etalian	242
			Anisian				Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
			Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville			Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan	Buntsandstein	Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		254.2		Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Ohre/Aller		Aparima	Flettian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian		Leine			Flettian			264.28
								Barettian			266
									Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian						Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian		273.01
								Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
									Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian	Autunian							283.5
								Telfordian			285
								Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
									Yakhtashian		288.5
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian						Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare					419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma					421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare					423
			Ludfordian			Paadla					423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula					427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu					429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu					430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani					431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani					433.4
			Telychian			Adavere					434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere					438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula					439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula					440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru					441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
			Sandbian								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian								470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian								477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan							Stage 5 †		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635