PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Precambrian of Russia	Silurian of England		Silurian of North America			Permian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	Tarantian												0.0117
				Chibanian		Ionian												0.129
				Calabrian														0.774
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean													2.58
				Zanclean	Yushean													3.6
				Zanclean	Baodean													4.9
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian	Tunggurian													11.1
				Serravallian	Tunggurian													11.63
				Langhian	Shanwangian													13.82
				Burdigalian	Shanwangian													15.98
				Burdigalian	Xiejiaan													16.9
				Aquitanian	Xiejiaan													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Oteke	Puaroan		145
				Kimmeridgian											Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
															Kawhia	Ohauan		150
																Heterian		154.5
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Callovian												Temaikan		164.3
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Toarcian											Herangi	Ururoan		176
				Pliensbachian												Ururoan		184.2
				Pliensbachian												Aratauran		188.9
				Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
				Norian												Warepan		208.5
																Otamitan		217
																Oretian		221
				Carnian												Oretian		227
				Carnian											Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												Kaihikuan		237
				Ladinian												Etalian		238
				Anisian												Etalian		242
				Anisian												Malakovian		246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												Malakovian		247.2
				Olenekian												Nelsonian		249
Induan				251.2												Nelsonian
Induan				DUrville			Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein	Makarewan	251.902
			Changhsingian				Waiitian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian				Waiitian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian			Flettian	Leine	264.28
			Wordian	Wordian			Barettian	Leine	266
			Roadian	Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
							Mangapirian		Cathedralian	276
									Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian							283.5
							Telfordian			285
				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Telfordian		286.1 *
									288.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian		Nealian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan	419.2
										Bringewood/Elton	Cayugan	421.3
										Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
			Gorstian									425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas		Lockportian	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope		Lockportian	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									Ontarian	433.4
			Telychian										436.3 *
			Aeronian										438.5
													Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
											Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
														440.7 *
			Rhuddanian											440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
			Katian											445.2
			Sandbian											453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian											477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian												Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian											Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan											Topazan		504.5
			Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Waucoban †											Delamaran	509
		Stage 4												Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3												Dyeran	514
														Montezuman	514.8 *
														Begadean	519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2													521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian													529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian												Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau			1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan	1375
																		1400