PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Mammal Paleogene Zones		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Ordovician of China			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean								Wanganui	Haweran		0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian														0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean											0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean											0.129
								Irvingtonian											0.21
																	Castlecliffian		0.34
				Calabrian															0.774
								Blancan											1.4
																	Nukumaruan		1.63
				Gelasian													Nukumaruan		1.8
				Gelasian													Mangapanian		2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean												Mangapanian		2.58
				Piacenzian													Waipipian		3
				Zanclean													Waipipian		3.6
																	Opoitian		3.7
								Hemphillian											4.7
					Baodean														4.9
			Miocene	Messinian												Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
				Messinian													Tongaporutuan		7.2
				Tortonian														Pannonian	7.246
								Clarendonian											9.4
																Southland	Waiauan		11.04
					Tunggurian														11.1
				Serravallian														Sarmatian	11.63
								Barstovian										Sarmatian	12.5
																		Badenian	12.8 *
																	Lillburnian	Badenian	13.05
				Langhian	Shanwangian												Lillburnian		13.82
																	Clifdenian		15.1
																Pareora	Altonian		15.9
				Burdigalian															15.98
								Hemingfordian											16.3
					Xiejiaan			Hemingfordian											16.9
								Arikareean											18.5
																	Otaian		18.7
				Aquitanian													Otaian		20.44
				Aquitanian												Landon	Waitakian		21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25										Waitakian		23.03
																	Duntroonian		25.2
																	Whaingaroan		27.3
				Rupelian		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21													27.82
								Whitneyan											29.5
								Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian		MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Chadronian											33.9
																Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																	Kaiatan		36.7
								Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian		MP 16													37.71
																	Bortonian		39.1
								Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian		MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11													41.2
																Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																	Heretaungan		45.7
								Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7													47.8
																	Mangaorapan		48.9
								Wasatchian									Mangaorapan		50.5
								Wasatchian									Waipawan		52
								Clarkforkian									Waipawan		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian		MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Clarkforkian									Teurian		56
				Thanetian		MP 6		Tiffanian											56.2
Selandian				59.2				Tiffanian
Selandian				Torrejonian		60.9
Danian				Torrejonian		61.6
Danian				Puercan		63.8
Mesozoic		Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
				Campanian						Haumurian	72.1
				Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
				Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
										Mangaotanean	90.5
										Arowhanan	93.7
				Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
										Motuan	99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic		Motuan	100.5
										Urutawan	103.3
									Taitai	Korangan	108.4
				Aptian						Korangan	113
				Aptian							117.5
				Barremian							121.4
				Hauterivian				Neocomian			125.77
				Valanginian							132.6
				Berriasian							139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
				Kimmeridgian							149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian							165.3
				Bajocian							168.2
				Aalenian							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
				Pliensbachian							184.2
				Sinemurian							192.9
				Hettangian							199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
				Norian							208.5
				Carnian							227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic		Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian						259.51
				Wordian	Wordian						264.28
				Roadian	Roadian						266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian						Cathedralian	273.01
				Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
				Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
				Artinskian	Wolfcampian						Lenoxian	286.1 *
				Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
				Asselian							Nealian	293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
				Kasimovian								303.7
				Moscovian								307
				Bashkirian								315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
				Visean								330.9
				Tournaisian								346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
	Early Devonian		Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
		Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
			Aeronian	438.5
			Rhuddanian	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †					443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †					445.2
			Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								449.5
			Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
			Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
			Dapingian	Dapingian								467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian								470
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian						477.7
							Lianghekou †			477.9 *
							Lianghekou †			Mansian †		483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian				489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian						494
			Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian				497
			Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian				499.5
			Drumian					Mayan/Menevian				500.5
			Wuliuan					Amgan/Solvan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan				509
								Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
								Botomian				512.5 *
			Stage 3					Botomian				514
			Stage 3					Atdabanian				515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian				521
			Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
			Fortunian					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †			Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †			Wonokan †			571.7 *
																			635