PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian																	0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Calabrian																		0.774
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean																	2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean																	3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean																	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian																	11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian																	11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian																	13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian																	15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan																	16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian														Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													Gashatan					56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																		208.5
		Carnian																		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																		259.51
		Wordian																		264.28
		Roadian																		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																		273.01
		Artinskian																		283.5
		Sakmarian																		290.1
		Asselian																	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian															Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian	Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma				421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare				423
		Ludfordian	Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
											Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian					489.5
									Aksaian									490.7 *
									Sakian									492.2 *
																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Paibian					494
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian				Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan				Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Wuliuan/Taijangian			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Duyunian				Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
				Toyonian					Dyeran		511 *
				Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3									Nangaoian		514
									Montezuman				514.8 *
				Atdabanian					Montezuman				515.6 *
				Atdabanian					Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		Meishucunian					521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian			Manykaian †						529
		Fortunian			Manykaian †	Jinnigian					530.7
																				538.8