PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cretaceous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian							0.0117
		Chibanian								0.129
		Calabrian								0.774
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean							2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean							3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean							4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian							11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian							13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian							15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan							16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								33.9
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic				Late Albian		100.5
								Middle Albian		106.2 *
								Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian		113
		Aptian						Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		Neocomian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian		139.8
								Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
								Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian		174.7
								Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
								Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian						Sevatian		208.5
								Alaunian		213.2 *
								Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian						Tuvalian		227
		Carnian						Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
			Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian				Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian			Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian			Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian			Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian		358.9
						Middle Famennian		365.3 *
						Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian		372.2
						Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
						Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian		382.7
						Middle Givetian		383.7 *
						Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian		410.8
						Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan				504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran			Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran				514
					Montezuman				514.8 *
					Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
										538.8