PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								0
				Northgrippian								0.0042
				Greenlandian								0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene						0.129
				Calabrian		Early Pleistocene						0.774
				Gelasian		Early Pleistocene						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean	Late Pliocene						2.58
				Zanclean	Yushean	Early Pliocene						3.6
				Zanclean	Baodean	Early Pliocene						4.9
			Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian								7.246
				Tortonian	Tunggurian							11.1
				Serravallian	Tunggurian	Middle Miocene						11.63
				Langhian	Shanwangian	Middle Miocene						13.82
				Burdigalian	Shanwangian	Early Miocene						15.98
				Burdigalian	Xiejiaan							16.9
				Aquitanian	Xiejiaan							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene						23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene						27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene						33.9
				Bartonian		Middle Eocene						37.71
				Lutetian		Middle Eocene						41.2
				Ypresian		Early Eocene						47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene						56
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene						59.2
				Danian		Early Paleocene						61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								66
				Campanian								72.1
				Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
				Aptian								113
				Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian								125.77
				Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
				Kimmeridgian								149.2
				Oxfordian								154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
				Bathonian								165.3
				Bajocian								168.2
				Aalenian								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
				Pliensbachian								184.2
				Sinemurian								192.9
				Hettangian								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
				Norian								208.5
				Carnian								227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian		251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Dzhulfian		254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian						Midian		259.51
				Wordian						Midian		264.28
				Wordian						Murgabian		266.2 *
				Roadian						Murgabian		266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian		273.01
Bolorian				Kungurian			279.8
Bolorian				Artinskian			283.5
Yakhtashian				Artinskian			286
Sakmarian				Sakmarian			290.1
Asselian				Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
						Festiniogian			489.2 *
			Jiangshanian						489.5
								Steptoean	493 *
						Maentwrogian			493.1 *
			Paibian			Maentwrogian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan				Topazan			504.5
			Wuliuan				Delamaran			506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Caerfai		Delamaran	Branchian	Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4				Dyeran			511 *
			Stage 3				Dyeran			514
							Montezuman			514.8 *
							Montezuman	Placentian		517.1
							Begadean			519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									1000
		Ectasian									1200
		Calymmian									1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian									1600
		Orosirian									1800
		Rhyacian									2050
		Siderian									2300
Archean	Neoarchean										2500
	Mesoarchean										2800
	Paleoarchean										3200
	Eoarchean										3600
Hadean											4000
												4600