PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		South American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian		0.0117
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene					Lujanian		0.129
				Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene					Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Calabrian		Early Pleistocene					Ensenadan		0.774
				Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
				Gelasian							Sanandresian		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean	Late Pliocene					Vorohuean		2.58
				Piacenzian		Late Pliocene					Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Zanclean		Early Pliocene					Chapadmalalan		3.6
											Montehermosan		3.7 *
					Baodean						Huayquerian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene							5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
											Chasicoan		7.9 *
											Mayoan		9.9 *
											Laventan		10.9 *
					Tunggurian								11.1
				Serravallian		Middle Miocene							11.63
				Serravallian							Colloncuran		13.7 *
				Langhian	Shanwangian						Colloncuran		13.82
				Langhian							Friasian		15.4 *
				Burdigalian		Early Miocene					Friasian		15.98
											Santacrucian		16.2 *
					Xiejiaan						Santacrucian		16.9
											Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian		20.44
				Aquitanian							Deseadan		20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene							23.03
				Rupelian		Early Oligocene							27.82
				Rupelian		Early Oligocene					Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene					Tinguirirican		33.9
				Priabonian		Late Eocene					Divisaderan		35.9 *
				Bartonian		Middle Eocene							37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Lutetian							Mustersan		41.9 *
				Ypresian		Early Eocene					Mustersan		47.8
				Ypresian		Early Eocene					Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene					Riochican		56
											Itaboraian		56.9 *
											Peligran		58.9 *
				Selandian		Middle Paleocene							59.2
				Danian		Early Paleocene							61.6
				Danian		Early Paleocene					Tiupampan		62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
				Campanian									72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian	Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian	Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian	Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian	Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian	Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian			477.7
			Tremadocian	Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				497
			Drumian				500.5
			Wuliuan				504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				509
		Series 2	Stage 3				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
													635