PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of North America						Silurian Ages of Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian										Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian											Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian											Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian											Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian											Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean														Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean															Early Pliocene	3.6
													Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
			Baodean															4.9
	Miocene	Messinian															Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian														Pannonian		7.246
													Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
			Tunggurian															11.1
		Serravallian														Sarmatian	Middle Miocene	11.63
													late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian		12.5
																Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian	Shanwangian															13.82
		Burdigalian															Early Miocene	15.98
													Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
			Xiejiaan										Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.9
													late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene	23.03
														Monroecreekian				23.1 *
														Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian									Kekeamuan			Geringian			Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian									Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian											Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian											Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian										Bumbanian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene	47.8
													Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
															Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian									Gashatan				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian													Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian													To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian													To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian													Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian			Gamachian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Richmondian	Kralodvorian		446 *
					Richmondian	Berounian		449.7 *
					Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian				450.4 *
				Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian				453
					Turinian				453.7 *
					Turinian				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
				Whiterockian				Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
							Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
						Dobrotivian						458.5 *
						Oretanian						459.7 *
							Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †					467.3
						Arenigian						468
					Rangerian							469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian						Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean	Tremadocian							477.7
					Stairsian								480.3 *
					Skullrockian							Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian								485.4
																		487.5