PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America	Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian																			0.0117
		Chibanian																				0.129
		Calabrian																				0.774
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean																			2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean																			3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean																			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian																			11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian																			11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian																			13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian																			15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan																			16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				33.9
		Bartonian																Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				37.71
		Lutetian																				41.2
		Ypresian																	Bumbanian			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																Gashatan				56
		Selandian																				59.2
		Danian																				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																				66
		Campanian																				72.1
		Santonian																				83.6
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
		Cenomanian																				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																				100.5
		Aptian																				113
		Barremian																				121.4
		Hauterivian																				125.77
		Valanginian																				132.6
		Berriasian																				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																				145
		Kimmeridgian																				149.2
		Oxfordian																				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																				161.5
		Bathonian																				165.3
		Bajocian																				168.2
		Aalenian																				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																				174.7
		Pliensbachian																				184.2
		Sinemurian																				192.9
		Hettangian																				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																				201.4
		Norian																				208.5
		Carnian																				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																				259.51
		Wordian																				264.28
		Roadian																				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																				273.01
		Artinskian																				283.5
		Sakmarian																				290.1
		Asselian																			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																			Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian	Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
		Telychian	Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill			Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan			Pirgu	445.2
						Cautleyan				448.9 *
						Pusgillian				449.3 *
			Caradoc			Streffordian			Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
						Cheneyan				Rakvere		451.5 *
						Cheneyan				Oandu		452 *
						Burrellian				Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
									Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
									Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
									Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †				455.2 *
										Kukruse			456.4 *
						Aurelucian							456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				Uhaku			458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Aseri			461.3 *
								Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
			Arenig			Fennian								468.4 *
										Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
						Whitlandian								471.1 *
						Whitlandian				Hunneberg				473.7 *
						Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc			Migneintian								477.7
						Cressagian								480.8 *
										Varangu				481.3 *
										Pakerort				482.2 *
														Mansian †	483.55 *
														Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																				486.3 *
								486.5
								Sunwaptan												487.5
		Jiangshanian														Jiangshanian				489.5
											Aksaian									490.7 *
											Sakian									492.2 *
								Steptoean												493 *
		Paibian														Paibian				494
					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian										494.7 *
					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian										Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †		497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian									Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian									Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan									Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan												Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Duyunian			Waucoban †		509
					Toyonian			Lenian †											510 *
					Toyonian											Dyeran			511 *
					Botomian														512.5 *
		Stage 3												Nangaoian					514
																Montezuman			514.8 *
					Atdabanian											Montezuman			515.6 *
					Atdabanian											Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian		Meishucunian							521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †						529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian	Manykaian †						530.7
																						538.8