PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of North America			Devonian of Germany	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian												0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean						Villanyian						2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian						3.1 *
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean												4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian						5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian						7.246
									Vallesian						8.7
			Tunggurian						Vallesian						11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian						Astaracian						11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian						Astaracian						13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian						Orleanian						15.98
			Xiejiaan						Orleanian						16.9
									Agenian						20
		Aquitanian							Agenian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Vokhmian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Vokhmian							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							259.51
		Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli			Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Lockportian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Ontarian			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
						Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
							440.7 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Kosovian		443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian			449.7 *
		Sandbian								453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
							Dobrotivian					458.5 *
							Oretanian					459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8