PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America						Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian Subages of Germany
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian																		0.0117
		Chibanian																			0.129
		Calabrian																			0.774
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean															Tertiary †			2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean																		3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean																		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian																		11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian																		11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian																		13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian																		15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan																		16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian															33.9
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan															37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan															56
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Pliensbachian																			184.2
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																			208.5
		Carnian																			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																		Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																	Longtanian †	Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																		Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian																		Leine	264.28
		Roadian																			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																			273.01
		Artinskian																			283.5
		Sakmarian																			290.1
		Asselian																			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																			298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Lockportian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Ontarian							433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
							Alexandrian			438.7 *
			Medinan			Clinton			440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian				Gamachian				443.8
		Katian					Gamachian				445.2
							Richmondian				446 *
							Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian					450.4 *
			Mohawkian				Chatfieldian					451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian					453
							Turinian					453.7 *
			Whiterockian								Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian						469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian				Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean							473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean							477.7
							Stairsian							480.3 *
							Skullrockian						Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian													Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan													Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan													Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4															Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3															Dyeran	514
																	Montezuman	514.8 *
																	Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																529
																					538.8