PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian																0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean																2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean																3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean																4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian													Pannonian				7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian												Pannonian				11.1
		Serravallian													Sarmatian				11.63
		Serravallian													Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian	Shanwangian																13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian																15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan																16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	33.9
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
		Campanian														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian														Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian														Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
																Middle Albian			106.2 *
																Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian														Late Aptian			113
		Aptian														Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian														Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian														Late Berriasian			139.8
																Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
																Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian														Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian														Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian														Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian															Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras								Late Bajocian			168.2
								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								Late Bajocian			168.4
								Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								Late Toarcian			174.7
								Planulata											179.3 *
										Arnioceras arnouldi									179.8 *
																Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
								Kanense											181.3 *
								Carlottense											182.3 *
								Carlottense								Early Toarcian			182.9 *
								Kunae								Early Toarcian			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian						Kunae								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
								Freboldi											185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras	196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian					Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian	227
		Carnian					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Griesbachian				251.4 *
			Griesbachian				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian	264.28
									265.3 *
							Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb	Roadian	266.9
		Roadian						Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian										410.8
Silurian	Pridoli											419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian										433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Kosovian	443.8
		Katian										Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian										Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian												453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †									458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
				Dobrotivian		458.5 *
				Oretanian		459.7 *
					Sarka †							461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †							467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran									511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran									514
			Montezuman									514.8 *
			Begadean									519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																			538.8