PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of China			European Faunal Zones	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian									0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Calabrian										0.774
		Gelasian						MN 17				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean					MN 16			Villanyian	2.58
								MN 16			Ruscinian	3.1 *
								MN 15				3.2
		Zanclean						MN 15				3.6
								MN 14				4.2
			Baodean					MN 13				4.9
	Miocene	Messinian						MN 13			Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12				7.246
								MN 11				7.75
								MN 10			Vallesian	8.7
								MN 9				9.7
			Tunggurian					MN 7 + 8				11.1
		Serravallian						MN 7 + 8			Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian						MN 6				12.8 *
		Langhian	Shanwangian					MN 5				13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian					MN 4			Orleanian	15.98
			Xiejiaan					MN 3			Orleanian	16.9
								MN 2			Agenian	20
		Aquitanian						MN 2				20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1				22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
		Bartonian										37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
		Bajocian								Humphresianum		168.4
		Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
									Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
		Pliensbachian							Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian							Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian							Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian		Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian		Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
												485.4