PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Carboniferous of North America	Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		South American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene					Lujanian		0.0117
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					Lujanian		0.129
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					Ensenadan		0.3 *
				Calabrian					Early Pleistocene					Ensenadan		0.774
				Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
				Gelasian										Sanandresian		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean				Late Pliocene					Vorohuean		2.58
				Piacenzian					Late Pliocene					Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
				Zanclean					Early Pliocene					Chapadmalalan		3.6
														Montehermosan		3.7 *
					Baodean									Huayquerian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene							5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
														Chasicoan		7.9 *
														Mayoan		9.9 *
														Laventan		10.9 *
					Tunggurian											11.1
				Serravallian					Middle Miocene							11.63
				Serravallian										Colloncuran		13.7 *
				Langhian	Shanwangian									Colloncuran		13.82
				Langhian										Friasian		15.4 *
				Burdigalian					Early Miocene					Friasian		15.98
														Santacrucian		16.2 *
					Xiejiaan									Santacrucian		16.9
														Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
				Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian		20.44
				Aquitanian										Deseadan		20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene							23.03
				Rupelian					Early Oligocene							27.82
				Rupelian					Early Oligocene					Tinguirirican		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene					Tinguirirican		33.9
				Priabonian					Late Eocene					Divisaderan		35.9 *
				Bartonian					Middle Eocene							37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Lutetian										Mustersan		41.9 *
				Ypresian					Early Eocene					Mustersan		47.8
				Ypresian					Early Eocene					Casamayoran		47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene					Riochican		56
														Itaboraian		56.9 *
														Peligran		58.9 *
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene							59.2
				Danian					Early Paleocene							61.6
				Danian					Early Paleocene					Tiupampan		62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian	Wordian		264.28
			Roadian	Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian	Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian			Bursumian †	Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian				298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian				303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian				305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian				307
			Moscovian	Atokan				312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan				315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan				318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani			433.4
			Telychian		Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian		Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
			Sandbian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian		Darriwilian			Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian		Dapingian					467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian					470
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian					477.7
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian				Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635