PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian								Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian							MN 17		Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean						MN 16		Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian							MN 15		Late Pliocene	3.2
		Zanclean							MN 15		Early Pliocene	3.6
									MN 14			4.2
			Baodean						MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian							MN 13		Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian			Pannonian				MN 12			7.246
									MN 11			7.75
									MN 10			8.7
									MN 9			9.7
			Tunggurian						MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian			Sarmatian				MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian			Badenian				MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian	Shanwangian						MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian						MN 4		Early Miocene	15.98
			Xiejiaan						MN 3			16.9
									MN 2			20
		Aquitanian							MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Meishanian		Buntsandstein		251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Lengwuan	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				Sunwaptan	487.5
					Festiniogian					489.2 *
		Jiangshanian								489.5
									Steptoean	493 *
					Maentwrogian					493.1 *
		Paibian			Maentwrogian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai					Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8