PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Silurian of England	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian							Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian								Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Yushean							Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean	Yushean							Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean	Baodean							Early Pliocene					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian	Tunggurian												11.1
		Serravallian	Tunggurian							Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian	Shanwangian							Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian	Shanwangian							Early Miocene					15.98
		Burdigalian	Xiejiaan												16.9
		Aquitanian	Xiejiaan												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian								66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian								100.5
							Middle Albian								106.2 *
							Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian								113
		Aptian					Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian								139.8
							Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
							Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras			Late Bajocian						Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Late Bajocian							Humphresianum	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			Early Bajocian							Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			Late Toarcian						Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Planulata											179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi									179.8 *
															180.1
							Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
				Kanense											181.3 *
				Kanense									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
				Carlottense											182.3 *
				Carlottense			Early Toarcian								182.9 *
				Kunae			Early Toarcian								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
				Freboldi	185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian					Sevatian				208.5
							Alaunian				213.2 *
							Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian				227
		Carnian					Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian				237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
							Huashibanian			318.5 *
							Lousuan			321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian			323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian			330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian			330.9
		Visean					Jiusian			335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian		365.3 *
								Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian		372.2
								Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
								Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Late Givetian		382.7
								Middle Givetian		383.7 *
								Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian						Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian						Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian		410.8
								Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian										425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian						Wych		Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Telychian			436.3 *
		Aeronian			438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian						Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
			Aseri					460.4 *
			Oeland			Kunda		462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg				477.7
						Varangu				481.3 *
						Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort		Late Cambrian				485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
															538.8