PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of Western Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene					Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene					Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene					Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian										Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian										Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †			Late Pliocene					Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene					Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene					Chapadmalalan				3.6
												Montehermosan				3.7 *
												Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian	Pannonian													7.246
												Chasicoan				7.9 *
												Mayoan				9.9 *
												Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian	Sarmatian				Middle Miocene									11.63
			Badenian													12.8 *
			Badenian									Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian										Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian										Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene					Friasian				15.98
												Santacrucian				16.2 *
												Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian										Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian										Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene									23.03
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene									27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene					Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene					Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene					Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene									37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian										Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian					Early Eocene					Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian					Early Eocene					Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene					Riochican				56
												Itaboraian				56.9 *
												Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene									61.6
		Danian					Early Paleocene					Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian												Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
														Kawhia	Ohauan	150
															Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Callovian													Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan	Kathwai		DUrville	Makarewan		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Kathwai					251.902
								252.4 *
			Chhidru					252.9 *
						Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		Longtanian †	254.14
						Puruhauan			254.2
			Kalabagh						255 *
			Wargal						256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
								Barettian	266
			Amb						266.1 *
		Roadian	Amb						266.9
		Roadian							270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Kungurian						Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian						Mangapirian	283.5
								Telfordian	285
									288.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel			298.9
				Stephanian			Stephanian C		300.3 *
							Stephanian B		300.9 *
							Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian					Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian					Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian					Cantabrian		307
				Westphalian			Westphalian D		307.4 *
							Westphalian C		309.8
							Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B		315.2
							Westphalian A		317 *
				Namurian			Yeadonian		318.8 *
							Marsdenian		320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
							Alportian		322 *
							Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian		323.2
							Arnsbergian		324 *
							Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian			Brigantian †		330.9
				Livian			Asbian †		336.3 *
				Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli								Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian								Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian							Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Telychian									436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
		Aeronian							Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian							Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †						504.5
																509