PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of North America					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cambrian of Britain	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian																0.0117
		Chibanian																		0.129
		Calabrian																		0.774
		Gelasian																		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Yushean						Tertiary †										2.58
		Zanclean		Yushean																3.6
		Zanclean		Baodean																4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian	Pannonian																	7.246
		Tortonian	Pannonian	Tunggurian																11.1
		Serravallian	Sarmatian																	11.63
		Serravallian	Badenian																	12.8 *
		Langhian		Shanwangian																13.82
		Burdigalian		Shanwangian																15.98
		Burdigalian		Xiejiaan																16.9
		Aquitanian		Xiejiaan																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
		Bartonian																		37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian																		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																		56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian																Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian																Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian																Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian																Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																Late Albian		100.5
																		Middle Albian		106.2 *
																		Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian																Late Aptian		113
		Aptian																Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian																Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian																Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian																Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian																Late Berriasian		139.8
																		Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																		Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian																Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian																Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian																Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian																	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian																Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian																Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian																Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian																Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																Late Toarcian		174.7
																		Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian																Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian																Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian																Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																Sevatian		208.5
																		Alaunian		213.2 *
																		Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian																Tuvalian		227
		Carnian			Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel		298.9
				Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Late Famennian				358.9
				Middle Famennian				365.3 *
				Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian		Late Frasnian				372.2
				Middle Frasnian				375.4 *
				Early Frasnian				379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Late Givetian				382.7
				Middle Givetian				383.7 *
				Early Givetian				385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian				387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian				390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Late Emsian				393.3
		Emsian		Early Emsian				398.3 *
		Pragian		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian				410.8
				Middle Lochkovian				412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian				415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
		Telychian						Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian		Gamachian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian			Gamachian				Pirgu	445.2
					Richmondian				Pirgu	446 *
					Richmondian				Vormsi	449.6 *
					Maysvillian				Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Maysvillian				Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
					Edenian				Nabala			450.4 *
					Edenian			Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
			Mohawkian		Chatfieldian				Rakvere			451.1 *
									Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian							Keila		Idavere †	453
					Turinian				Keila			453.7 *
									Haljala			453.9
									Kukruse			456.4 *
			Whiterockian						Kukruse	Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku				458.4
									Lasnamagi				458.9 *
									Aseri				460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
									Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
									Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
					Rangerian									469.1 *
					Rangerian				Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
											Latorp †				470.1 *
									Hunneberg						473.7 *
					Tulean										473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean										477.7
					Stairsian	480.3 *
					Stairsian	Varangu			481.3 *
					Skullrockian	Varangu	Demingian †		482 *
						Pakerort	Demingian †		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort						Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															487.5
														Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian												Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian												Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †		St Davids		497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3															514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																				538.8