PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128254 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Permian of the Pamirs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan													Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian													Rancholabrean	0.129
															Irvingtonian	0.21
					Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
															Blancan	1.4
					Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian									Tertiary †		2.58
		Piacenzian			Waipipian											3
		Zanclean			Waipipian											3.6
					Opoitian											3.7
					Opoitian										Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian	Pannonian													7.246
															Clarendonian	9.4
				Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian	Sarmatian													11.63
			Sarmatian												Barstovian	12.5
			Badenian													12.8 *
			Badenian		Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian											13.82
					Clifdenian											15.1
				Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
					Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian			Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian											23.03
					Duntroonian											25.2
					Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian	33.9
				Arnold	Runangan											34.6
					Kaiatan											36.7
															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian														37.71
					Bortonian											39.1
															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
					Heretaungan											45.7
															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian														47.8
					Mangaorapan											48.9
					Mangaorapan										Wasatchian	50.5
					Waipawan										Wasatchian	52
					Waipawan										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian										Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian													Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian													Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian				Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian			Haumurian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			86.1
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
					Mangaotanean				90.5
					Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian				95.2
					Motuan				99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	Late Albian			100.5
					Urutawan	Late Albian			103.3
					Urutawan	Middle Albian			106.2 *
				Taitai	Korangan	Middle Albian			108.4
						Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian			113
						Late Aptian			117.5
						Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian			139.8
						Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
						Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian			Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites						Late Bajocian	168.2
									Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
									Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons						Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
										Late Toarcian	180.1
										Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							Middle Toarcian	182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian								Sevatian	208.5
										Alaunian	213.2 *
										Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian	227
		Carnian								Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian	237
		Ladinian								Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian	242
										Pelsonian	243.8 *
										Bithynian	244.7 *
										Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian								Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan								Dienerian	251.2
		Induan								Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Dzhulfian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Midian			259.51
		Wordian					264.28			Midian
		Wordian					Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian					Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine					419.2
	Pridoli			Bringewood/Elton	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian			Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas			427.4
		Homerian		Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian	Paibian			494
		Paibian	Paibian			Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian			Wangcunian †		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Drumian			Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian						Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian									521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian									529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian									530.7
																538.8