PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Silurian of the Baltic	Silurian Ages of Europe	Cambrian of North America		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of China		South American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													Lujanian		0.0117
		Chibanian													Lujanian		0.129
															Ensenadan		0.3 *
										Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian							0.774
										Nukumaruan							1.63
															Sanandresian	Uquian †	1.7 *
		Gelasian															1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Vorohuean		2.58
															Chapadmalalan		2.9 *
										Waipipian							3
		Zanclean								Waipipian							3.6
										Opoitian					Montehermosan		3.7 *
										Opoitian					Huayquerian		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian	Pannonian														7.246
															Chasicoan		7.9 *
															Mayoan		9.9 *
															Laventan		10.9 *
									Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian	Sarmatian														11.63
			Badenian														12.8 *
										Lillburnian							13.05
															Colloncuran		13.7 *
		Langhian															13.82
										Clifdenian							15.1
										Clifdenian					Friasian		15.4 *
									Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
															Santacrucian		16.2 *
															Colhuehuapian		17.4 *
										Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian															20.44
															Deseadan		20.9 *
									Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian							23.03
										Duntroonian							25.2
										Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
		Rupelian													Tinguirirican		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian															33.9
									Arnold	Runangan							34.6
										Runangan					Divisaderan		35.9 *
										Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian								Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian															41.2
															Mustersan		41.9 *
									Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
										Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian															47.8
															Casamayoran		47.9 *
										Mangaorapan							48.9
										Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian					Riochican		56
															Itaboraian		56.9 *
															Peligran		58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian			Korangan		113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian					Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
							Kawhia	Ohauan	150
								Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Callovian						Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Toarcian	Herangi				Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour				Otapirian	201.4
		Norian					Warepan	208.5
							Otamitan	217
							Oretian	221
		Carnian					Oretian	227
		Carnian	Gore				Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian					Etalian	238
		Anisian					Etalian	242
		Anisian					Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian					Nelsonian	249
		Induan					Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville				Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian					Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian					Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima				Flettian	259.51
		Wordian					Flettian	264.28
		Wordian					Barettian	266
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Kungurian					Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian					Mangapirian	283.5
							Telfordian	285
								288.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula	Gleedonian			427.4
				Jaagarahu	Gleedonian			429.2 *
					Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani				433.4
		Telychian		Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
										Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			Sunwaptan	487.5
										Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian			489.5
													Steptoean	493 *
										Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian									Paibian			494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian				Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran				Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	Caerfai		Duyunian		509
		Stage 4						Dyeran				Duyunian		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran				Nangaoian		514
								Montezuman						514.8 *
								Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian										Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian										Jinnigian		530.7
																	538.8