PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6								0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene										Tertiary †		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene												3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian	Pannonian	Late Miocene												7.246
		Serravallian	Sarmatian	Middle Miocene				Cenozoic 5								11.63
		Serravallian	Badenian													12.8 *
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene												15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene				Cenozoic 4								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene				Cenozoic 4								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene				Cenozoic 3								33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene				Cenozoic 3								37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene				Cenozoic 2								41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene				Cenozoic 2								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene				Cenozoic 1								56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian	Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan	Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian						Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian						Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian						Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian						Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian						Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian						Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian						Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian						Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian						Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian						Jurassic 1								192.9
		Hettangian						Jurassic 1								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian						Triassic 4								208.5
		Carnian						Triassic 3								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Triassic 2								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						Triassic 2								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Triassic 1								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						Triassic 1								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Permian 4								251.902
		Wuchiapingian													Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Tatarian	Vyatkian									Longtanian †	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Severodvinian										259.51
		Wordian				Urzhumian										264.28
		Roadian			Kazanian	Povolzhian		Permian 3								266.9
		Roadian			Kazanian	Sokian		Permian 3								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		Permian 2								273.01
						Filipovian										276.5 *
						Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian			283.5
						Irginian			285.9 *
						Burtsevian			287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian			290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian			291.7 *
		Asselian			Asselian	Shikhanian		Permian 1	293.52
						Uskalykian			294.8
						Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian						315.2
								Huashibanian	318.5 *
								Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Pakerort			485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3											509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
																538.8