PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Silurian of England		Cambrian of Britain		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian	Pannonian									Late Miocene	7.246
		Serravallian	Sarmatian									Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Badenian										12.8 *
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene	15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian			Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian			Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan				Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian								Wordian			264.28
		Roadian								Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian									Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian			425.6
		Gorstian		Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian	Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Telychian			436.3 *
		Aeronian			438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10				Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids		497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
													538.8