PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Central Paratethys Stages	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Australia	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian					Sheridanian						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian					Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian	Pannonian											7.246
				Tortonian	Pannonian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
				Serravallian	Sarmatian				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene	11.63
					Sarmatian				late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
					Badenian											12.8 *
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
										Monroecreekian						23.1 *
										Geringian						24.7 *
				Rupelian						Geringian			Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian									Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan							41.2
				Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
				Ypresian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian							To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian							To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
Norian				208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
			Telychian			Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian		443.8
			Katian			Bolindian		445.2
						Eastonian		449 *
						Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian			Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian			Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian			Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian		470
						Bendigonian		471.8 *
						Lancefieldian		473.5 *
			Tremadocian			Lancefieldian		Ungurian	477.7
			Tremadocian			Warendian		Ungurian	482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Batyrbaian	485.4
			Jiangshanian					Batyrbaian	489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian					Sakian	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Ayusokkanian	497
			Guzhangian						499.5
			Drumian					Zhanaarykian	500.5
			Drumian					Tuesaian	503
			Wuliuan					Tuesaian	504.5
			Wuliuan						505.3
		Series 2	Stage 4						509
								Toyonian	510 *
Botomian								512.5 *
Botomian			Stage 3					514
Atdabanian			Stage 3					515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian					521
		Stage 2						525.5
		Fortunian						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635