PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Central Paratethys Stages	Devonian of France	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic				Precambrian of Russia	Devonian of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian	Pannonian													7.246
				Serravallian	Sarmatian													11.63
				Serravallian	Badenian													12.8 *
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
				Bartonian														37.71
				Lutetian														41.2
				Ypresian														47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian														56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
				Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian														168.2
				Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
				Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
				Norian														208.5
				Carnian														227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian							Vokhmian							247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan							Vokhmian							251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian							254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian							259.51
				Wordian				Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
				Roadian				Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian									273.01
				Kungurian					Hessian									281.9 *
				Artinskian					Hessian									283.5
				Artinskian				Wolfcampian	Lenoxian									286.1 *
				Sakmarian					Lenoxian									290.1
				Asselian					Nealian									293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian														298.9
				Kasimovian														303.7
				Moscovian														307
				Bashkirian														315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian														323.2
				Visean														330.9
				Tournaisian														346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Famennian											Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
Frasnian			Late Devonian	Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
Middle Devonian			Givetian	Givetian		Givetian	382.7
Middle Devonian			Eifelian	Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
Early Devonian			Emsian		Emsian	393.3
			Pragian		Siegen	407.6
			Pragian	Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Harju					Porkuni	443.8
			Katian							Pirgu		445.2
										Vormsi		449.6 *
										Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
							Viru			Rakvere			450.6 *
										Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian							Keila		Idavere †	453
										Haljala			453.9
										Kukruse			456.4 *
										Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Uhaku			458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
							Oeland			Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian							Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian							Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian											470
												Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian							Hunneberg				477.7
										Varangu				481.3 *
										Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort		Late Cambrian			485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
			Jiangshanian												489.5
			Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian									497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian									509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						1000							Karatau
		Stenian						Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan	1375
																		1400