PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Permian of Western Europe	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan					Middle Pleistocene	0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean					Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan					Late Pliocene	2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan					Early Pliocene	3.6
					Montehermosan						3.7 *
					Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian	Pannonian								7.246
					Chasicoan						7.9 *
					Mayoan						9.9 *
					Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian	Sarmatian							Middle Miocene	11.63
			Badenian								12.8 *
			Badenian		Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian			Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian					Early Miocene	15.98
					Santacrucian						16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian						20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican					Early Oligocene	28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican					Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan					Late Eocene	35.9 *
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan						41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan					Early Eocene	47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran					Early Eocene	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican					Late Paleocene	56
					Itaboraian						56.9 *
					Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan					Early Paleocene	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian						Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
								Kawhia	Ohauan		150
									Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Callovian							Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi			Ururoan	176
		Pliensbachian					Ururoan	184.2
		Pliensbachian					Aratauran	188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour			Otapirian	201.4
		Norian				Warepan	208.5
						Otamitan	217
						Oretian	221
		Carnian				Oretian	227
		Carnian		Gore		Kaihikuan	227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan	237
		Ladinian				Etalian	238
		Anisian				Etalian	242
		Anisian				Malakovian	246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian	247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian	249
		Induan				Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Zechstein	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Zechstein	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian	264.28
		Wordian				Barettian	266
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian	Autunian			Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †	298.9
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Kasimovian					Mapingian †	303.7
											305.9