PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Salt Range	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of the Baltic
Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian	Pannonian								7.246
		Serravallian	Sarmatian								11.63
		Serravallian	Badenian								12.8 *
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									33.9
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian									47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Lancian/Edmontonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian		Judithian/Aquilan	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian						100.5
					Middle Albian						106.2 *
					Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian						113
		Aptian			Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian						139.8
					Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
					Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
					Late Bajocian				Humphresianum		168.4
					Early Bajocian				Humphresianum		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
					Late Toarcian						180.1
					Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
					Middle Toarcian			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
					Early Toarcian			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian			Sevatian						208.5
					Alaunian						213.2 *
					Lacian						216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian						227
		Carnian			Julian						233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian						237
		Ladinian			Fassanian						239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian						242
					Pelsonian						243.8 *
					Bithynian						244.7 *
					Aegean						245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
			Griesbachian		251.4 *
			Griesbachian		Kathwai		251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai		Buntsandstein			251.902
										252.4 *
					Chhidru					252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru					254.14
					Kalabagh					255 *
					Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller			259.51
		Wordian					Leine			264.28
										265.3 *
					Amb					266.1 *
		Roadian			Amb					266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju		Porkuni				443.8
		Katian				Pirgu				445.2
						Vormsi			449.6 *
						Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
				Viru		Rakvere				450.6 *
						Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian				Keila			Idavere †	453
						Haljala				453.9
						Kukruse				456.4 *
						Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku			458.4
						Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Aseri			460.4 *
				Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg				477.7
						Varangu				481.3 *
						Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort				485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								486.3 *
											486.5