PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Permian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	Carboniferous of North America	Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian																0.0117
				Chibanian	Ionian																0.129
				Calabrian																	0.774
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †															2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Serravallian																	11.63
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																	33.9
				Bartonian																	37.71
				Lutetian																	41.2
				Ypresian																	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																	56
				Selandian																	59.2
				Danian																	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
				Campanian																	72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Oteke	Puaroan											145
				Kimmeridgian					Oteke	Puaroan											149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan											150
										Heterian											154.5
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Callovian						Temaikan											164.3
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian																	168.2
				Aalenian																	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
				Toarcian					Herangi	Ururoan											176
				Pliensbachian						Ururoan											184.2
				Pliensbachian						Aratauran											188.9
				Sinemurian																	192.9
				Hettangian																	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian											201.4
				Norian						Warepan											208.5
										Otamitan											217
										Oretian											221
				Carnian						Oretian											227
				Carnian					Gore	Kaihikuan											227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Kaihikuan											237
				Ladinian						Etalian											238
				Anisian						Etalian											242
				Anisian						Malakovian											246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian						Malakovian											247.2
				Olenekian						Nelsonian											249
				Induan						Nelsonian											251.2
				Induan					DUrville	Makarewan											251.5
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Makarewan								Dorashamian			251.902
Waiitian				Changhsingian			253.2											Dorashamian
Waiitian				Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	Dzhulfian		254.14
Puruhauan				Wuchiapingian	254.2		Longtanian †	Dzhulfian
Guadalupian			Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian	Capitanian	Midian	259.51
			Wordian				Flettian	Wordian		264.28
							Barettian			266
									Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian					Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
							Mangapirian			Kubergandian	276
										Bolorian	279.8
									Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian								283.5
							Telfordian				285
										Yakhtashian	286
								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
											288.5
			Sakmarian							Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian						Nealian	Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian								Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian					305.9 *
			Moscovian			Desmoinesian					307
			Moscovian			Atokan					312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan					315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan					318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian					323.2
			Visean			Chesterian					330.9
						Meramecian					335.8 *
						Osagean					343.1 *
			Tournaisian			Osagean					346.7
			Tournaisian			Kinderhookian					351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
			Pragian								Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
			Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian									Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian											453
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
													Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
												Dobrotivian				458.5 *
												Oretanian				459.7 *
													Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian										Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian									Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian									Arenigian				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10													485.4
			Jiangshanian													489.5
	Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †													497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														509
	Series 2	Stage 3														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian														529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran															Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian																		720
		Tonian																	Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian																	Karatau	1000
		Stenian																	Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian																	Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian																	Burzyan	1375
																					1400