PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Silurian Ages of Europe	Permian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Ordovician of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran										Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Tarantian															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene	Tarantian														Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian	Ionian														Rancholabrean	0.129
																	Irvingtonian	0.21
							Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian																0.774
																	Blancan	1.4
							Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian											2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian											3
		Zanclean					Waipipian											3.6
							Opoitian											3.7
							Opoitian										Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian																7.246
																	Clarendonian	9.4
						Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian																11.63
																	Barstovian	12.5
							Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian											13.82
							Clifdenian											15.1
						Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
							Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Waitakian											23.03
							Duntroonian											25.2
							Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian		Kekeamuan														27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian													Chadronian	33.9
						Arnold	Runangan											34.6
							Kaiatan											36.7
																	Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan														37.71
							Bortonian											39.1
																	Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
							Heretaungan											45.7
																	Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian													47.8
							Mangaorapan											48.9
							Mangaorapan										Wasatchian	50.5
							Waipawan										Wasatchian	52
							Waipawan										Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan			Teurian										Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian		Gashatan													Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian					Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
							Mangaotanean		90.5
							Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan		93.9
			Clarence			Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
			Taitai			Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian					Wordian		264.28
		Roadian					Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian			427.4
		Homerian			Whitwellian			429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju		Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
												Cautleyan	448.9 *
												Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere					450.6 *
						Cheneyan				Rakvere		451.5 *
						Cheneyan				Oandu		452 *
						Burrellian				Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila		Idavere †		453
										Keila			Actonian †	453.2 *
			Haljala							453.9			Actonian †
										Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †				455.2 *
			Kukruse											456.4 *
						Aurelucian								456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
			Uhaku							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Uhaku			Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
			Lasnamagi											458.9 *
			Aseri											460.4 *
			Aseri							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
			Oeland					Kunda						462.9 *
								Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
								Volkhov						Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian													467.3
						Arenig				Fennian					468.4 *
								Billingen							469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
										Whitlandian					471.1 *
								Hunneberg		Whitlandian					473.7 *
										Moridunian					474.3 *
		Tremadocian				Tremadoc				Migneintian					477.7
										Cressagian					480.8 *
								Varangu							481.3 *
								Pakerort							482.2 *
															485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																486.3 *
							486.5
							Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Marjumian		Albertian †						497
		Drumian					Marjumian								500.5
		Wuliuan					Topazan								504.5
		Wuliuan					Delamaran								506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Delamaran		Waucoban †						509
		Stage 4					Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3					Dyeran								514
							Montezuman								514.8 *
							Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																		538.8